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The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and man, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of the colony is responsible for egg production for its colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her life.62 In some species, the abdomen of this queen swells up radically to increase fecundity, a feature known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen begins producing reproductive winged alates at a certain period of year, and enormous swarms emerge in the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into employees, but others may further moult to become soldiers or alates.
Termites are often compared with the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life cycle. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the workers are exclusively female. Men (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, both male and female workers may have different roles in a termite colony.63.
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The life span of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult phases.64 Nymphs resemble little adults, and undergo a series of moults as they grow.
The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time frame depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed them, but workers also take part in the social life of their colony and also have certain other tasks to achieve such as foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of those termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are capable of a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower level of her explanation oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than workers, soldiers and nymphs.69 The decreased levels of harm seem to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.
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For instance, alates in certain species emerge during the daytime in summer while others emerge during winter.71 The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around regions with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, humidity, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also varies, with the larger species normally having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early stages of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 per day when the colony is a few years old.53 At adulthood, a primary queen has a fantastic capacity to lay eggs. In some species, the adult queen has a greatly distended abdomen and might create 40,000 eggs per day.72 The two adult ovaries may possess some 2,000 ovarioles each.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to a number of times greater than before mating and reduces her ability to maneuver freely; attendant workers offer assistance. .
The king grows only slightly larger after initial mating and continues to partner with the queen for life (a termite queen can survive between 30Â to 50Â years); this is very different from ant colonies, in that a queen teammates once with the male(s) and stores the gametes for life, as the male ants die soon after mating.6267 If your queen is absent, a termite king generates pheromones which encourage the development of replacement termite queens.74 As the queen and king are monogamous, sperm competition does not happen.75.
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Termites going through incomplete metamorphosis on the path to becoming alates type a subcaste in certain species of termite, functioning navigate to this site as potential supplementary reproductives. These supplementary reproductives only grow into main reproductives upon the death of a king or queen, or when the primary reproductives are separated from the colony.6676 Supplementaries have the ability to replace a dead principal reproductivesystem, and there can also be greater than a single supplementary within a colony.53 Some queens have the ability to change from sexual reproduction to asexual reproduction.