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The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a wealthy female and male, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of this colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her life.62 In certain species, the abdomen of the queen swells up radically to increase fecundity, a feature known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen begins producing reproductive winged alates at a certain period of the year, and enormous swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into workers, but others may further moult to become soldiers alates.
Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in major differences in life span. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the employees are exclusively female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both employees and the queen) are both diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, male and female employees may have different roles in a termite colony.63.
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The entire life span of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult phases.64 Nymphs resemble small adults, and go through a series of moults as they grow.
The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of this colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, employees must feed them, but employees also get involved in the social life of the colony and also have certain different activities to achieve like foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones govern the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of those termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are effective at a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower degree of oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than employees, soldiers and nymphs.69 The lower degrees of damage appear to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.
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For instance, alates in certain species emerge during the daytime in summer while others emerge during the winter.71 The nuptial flight might also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around areas with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also varies, with the larger species normally having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early stages of the colony, but places as many as 1,000 per day when the colony is a few years old.53 At maturity, a primary queen has a great capability to lay eggs. In some species, the mature queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and may produce 40,000 eggs a day.72 The two adult ovaries may possess some 2,000 ovarioles each.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to a number of times more than before mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant employees offer assistance. .
The king develops only slightly larger after initial mating and continues to partner with the queen for life (a termite queen can live between 30Â to 50Â years); this is very different from ant colonies, in that a queen navigate to these guys teammates once with the male(s) and stores the gametes for lifetime, as the male ants die soon after mating.6267 If your queen is absent, a termite king produces pheromones which encourage the development of replacement termite queens.74 As the queen and king are monogamous, sperm competition does not happen.75.
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Termites going through incomplete metamorphosis on the road to becoming alates form a subcaste in certain species of termite, functioning as potential supplementary reproductives. These supplementary reproductives only grow into primary reproductives upon the passing of a king or queen, or when the primary reproductives are separated out of the colony.6676 Supplementaries have the capacity to replace a dead principal reproductivesystem, and there can also be more than just a single supplementary within a colony.53 Some queens have the capacity to change from sexual reproduction to asexual reproduction.